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- BUSINESS, Page 58Churning in the Shark Tank
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- A founder of mighty KKR accuses the firm of dirty dealing
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- They set up shop quietly in 1976 with just $3 million in
- capital, but within a decade they became a revolutionary force
- on Wall Street. By last year the leveraged-buyout firm founded
- by Jerome Kohlberg Jr., Henry Kravis and George Roberts seemed
- virtually invincible. The firm's crowning achievement was last
- December's $25 billion buyout of RJR Nabisco, the biggest
- takeover deal in history. The firm's victory transformed Henry
- Kravis, with his slicked-back hair, Savile Row suits and
- socialite wife (clothing designer Carolyne Roehm), into Wall
- Street's pre-eminent symbol of power and panache. In its short
- history, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts has acquired three dozen
- companies (estimated total cost: more than $60 billion), 13 of
- which the firm still controls.
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- But now KKR's luster is being tarnished by the greed and
- backbiting that have become legendary in the world of high
- finance. Last week it was disclosed that Kohlberg, who left KKR
- two years ago but retained a financial interest in the firm, has
- filed suit in New York Supreme Court against his partners. He
- accuses them of illegally appropriating part of his share of the
- profits and suggests that other investors may also have been
- deprived of their rewards. The legal battle could be fierce.
- Said a leading corporate raider: "You're going to find them
- devouring each other. It's clearly going to be a suicide mission
- for both sides."
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- Even before the suit was filed, KKR faced unexpected
- problems. In the past month two of the firms that it helped
- acquire in leveraged buyouts said they were unable to make
- payments on their debt. In the wake of these setbacks, Wall
- Street dealmakers are asking what was once an unthinkable
- question: If KKR's investors become spooked, will the firm's
- gushing money pipeline dry up? Kravis and Roberts responded to
- the suit with a prepared statement: "We are saddened that Mr.
- Kohlberg felt it necessary to sue . . . We believe he is wrong
- both as to the facts and his interpretation of the agreement
- between us."
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- KKR's patriarch, Kohlberg, 64, acted as tutor to Kravis and
- Roberts from the early '70s, when the two cousins worked for
- him at the Bear Stearns investment firm. As co-head of the
- corporate-finance department, Kohlberg, along with his
- proteges, pioneered some of the first LBO deals. After leaving
- to form their own firm, t$hey initially arranged buyouts of
- unglamorous heavy-industry companies. All went smoothly until
- the mid-'80s, when a generation gap emerged. Kravis and Roberts,
- 19 years younger than their mentor, saw hostile deals as the
- future of the business. Kohlberg balked and in 1987 left the
- firm over "philosophical differences." His severance contract
- stipulated that his share of the firm's profits on all future
- deals would gradually decline, from 20.5% in 1987 to 7% in 1995.
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- Now Kohlberg charges his partners with breaching that
- contract. Kravis and Roberts, he argues, plotted to wrongfully
- reduce his share in KKR deals by transforming "old" deals into
- "new" ones through a series of refinancings. In one case, the
- 1981 acquisition of a manufacturing firm called Marley, Kohlberg
- says, his share of the profits was unfairly slashed last year,
- from 32% to 17.6%.
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- In a statement, Kohlberg declared that he "took this step
- with extreme reluctance." But some Wall Street investors suggest
- that Kohlberg was all too quick to sue over a partnership
- squabble. Says money manager Pierre Rinfret, who heads a firm
- bearing his name: "Kohlberg wants something, and he feels that
- the only way to get it is to threaten to ruin his former
- partners' reputation."
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- The most provocative aspect of Kohlberg's suit is its
- implication that other investors in KKR deals may also have got
- burned. Beginning in 1986, Kohlberg alleges, KKR decided that
- it would boost its stake in some of its acquisitions by buying
- out its investors at prices far below what they might have
- commanded if the companies had been sold to outsiders in the
- open market. (By this time, KKR general partners included Robert
- MacDonnell and Paul Raether.) Kohlberg suggests that the KKR
- partners assumed complete control of their acquisitions with the
- intention of selling the properties and pocketing huge profits
- on their own.
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- Kohlberg may be speaking for other unhappy investors in
- KKR's deals who feel that the company has become too greedy and
- aggressive. To some deal-makers outside the firm, KKR's
- escalating fees seem unconscionable: $60 million for the $5.3
- billion 1986 acquisition of the Safeway supermarket chain, $75
- million for the RJR Nabisco buyout.
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- While most of KKR's acquisitions have paid impressive
- returns to its investors, some of its smaller holdings are
- struggling. Last month Nashville's SCI Television, 45% owned by
- KKR, disclosed it would be unable to make its Sept. 30 debt
- payment. Soon afterward, Seaman Furniture of New York, which KKR
- acquired in 1987, missed a payment on its debt obligations.
- Seaman's auditor suggested that the company might not survive
- as a going concern.
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- Even so, KKR's second biggest buyout, the $6 billion
- takeover of Beatrice in 1986, has paid handsome returns. KKR's
- partners nearly doubled their original investment of $402
- million, collecting $783 million within 15 months of the deal's
- completion. While the payback on the RJR Nabisco deal is still
- uncertain, KKR has succeeded in reducing the firm's debt load
- by selling off more than $2.5 billion in assets.
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- Kohlberg's lawsuit may inspire KKR's investors to drive
- harder bargains with the firm. But Kravis and Roberts have not
- come this far through meekness or contrition. As they battle
- their former mentor and fight to preserve KKR's power, the
- spectacle is likely to throw light on some intriguing details
- about a secretive company and its powerful leaders.
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